Japanese Rail Transport Systems - Operating Cost Formulas
www.publictransit.us Occasional Paper
December 10, 2005
Updated and Reposted January 5, 2009
Leroy W. Demery, Jr. • with input by Michael D. Setty
The following is a translation of information presented online by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (国土交通省, kokudo-kōtsū-shō), Japan. The translation is presented for the interest of www.publictransit.us readers.
The formulas below are of interest because they take explicitly into account the “economies of scale” provided by rail transport. For example, “train operating expense” is calculated (in whole or in part) from the natural logarithm of “train density,” the number of (annual) train-km operated per km of system length. This reflects the fact that as service levels are increased, operating costs do not increase in proportion.
All monetary items are expressed in Japanese yen (JPY). The “annual average” exchange rate during the 2004 fiscal year (which, in Japan, extended from 2004 April 1 to 2005 March 31) was JPY 115 = 1 USD (¥115 per $1).
The Japanese-language source documents present “standard unit cost” formulas and results, together with “fundamental data” (independent variable quantities, e.g. x1, x2) used for calculation. However, these documents do not explain how these “fundamental data” values were derived, and no explanation could be located online. We are therefore not certain of the precise meaning of certain “x-variable” inputs, as described in the individual sections below. We believe, however, that the descriptions provided below are correct.
A. JR Group Passenger Railway Companies:
The six JR passenger railway companies (arranged by geographic location, from northeast to southwest):
JR-Hokkaidō
|
北海道旅客鉄道株式会社
|
Hokkaidō Railway Co., Ltd.
|
hokkaidō ryokyaku tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
JR-East
|
東日本旅客鉄道株式会社
|
East Japan Railway Co., Ltd.
|
higashi-nihon ryokyaku tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
JR-Central
|
東海旅客鉄道株式会社
|
Central Japan Railway Co., Ltd.
|
(JR Tōkai)
|
tōkai ryokyaku tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
|
JR-West
|
西日本旅客鉄道株式会社
|
West Japan Railway Co., Ltd.
|
nishi-nihon ryokyaku tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
JR-Shikoku
|
四国旅客鉄道株式会社
|
Shikoku Railway Co., Ltd.
|
shikoku ryokyaku tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
JR-Kyūshū
|
九州旅客鉄道株式会社
|
Kyūshū Railway Co., Ltd.
|
kyūshū ryokyaku tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
A1. Standard Unit Cost Formulas:
From 2005 August 1, after the JR Group passenger railway companies petitioned for fare reforms, standard unit costs were computed using the following formulas.
y=ax1+bx2+c
See “Input Data (variable quantity) Notes,” below.
(1) Railway Track Expense (線路費, senro-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of track.
(線路延長1キロ当たり基準単価, rosen enchō ichi <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 9,788.259
|
b = 0.513
|
c = -39,527.285
|
x1 = Rolling Stock Density (logarithm)
(車両密度(対数), sharyō mitsudo (taisū)).
x2 = Snow Quantity (雪量, setsuryō).
(“Railway Track Expense:” Maintenance and repair of track and roadbed, and associated management expense.)
(2) Electric Circuit Expense (電路費, denro-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of electric “wire.”
(電線延長1キロ当たり基準単価, densen enchō ichi <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 6.634
|
b = 31.549
|
c = -391.367
|
x1 = Electric Car Density (電車密度, densha mitsudo).
x2 = “Electric Car Line Ratio” (電車線割合, denshasen wariai).
(“Electric Circuit Expense,” which might also be translated as “Electrification Systems Expense:” Maintenance and repair of electrical systems such as electric traction and signal equipment, and associated management expense.)
(3) Rolling Stock Expense (車両費, sharyō-hi).
y = Standard unit cost, per vehicle
(車両1両当たり基準単価, sharyō ichiryō atari kijun tanka).
a = 61.770
|
b = 0.440
|
c = -2,612.162
|
x1 = Average km Per Vehicle
(1両当たり車両走行キロ, ichiryō atari sharyō sōkō <kiro>).
x2 = Snow Quantity (雪量, setsuryō).
(“Rolling Stock Expense:” Maintenance and repair of rolling stock, and associated management expense.)
(4) Train Operation Expense (列車運転費, ressha unten-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of system length (i.e. per km of route)
(営業キロ当たり基準単価, eigyō <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 20.480
|
b = 3,951.764
|
c = -5,981.240
|
x1 = Average Passenger [-km] Per Train-km
(1列車1キロ当たり乗車人員, ichi ressha ichi <kiro> atari jōsha jin-in).
x2 = Train Density (logarithm) (列車密度 (対数), ressha mitsudo (taisū)).
(“Train Operation Expense:” Train operation and associated management expense, exclusive of traction power expense.)
(5) Station Operation Expense (駅務費, ekimu-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per station
(1駅当たり基準単価, ichi-eki atari kijun tanka).
a = 44.358
|
b = 59,176.435
|
c = -209,493.985
|
x1 = Average Passengers Per Station
(1駅当たり乗車人員, ichi-eki atari jōsha jin-in).
x2 = Average Travel Distance (logarithm)
(平均乗車距離(対数), heikin jōsha kyori (taisū)).
(“Station Operation [‘Station Duty’] Expense:” Station maintenance expense, and expense associated with sale of tickets, etc.)
A2. JR Group Passenger Railways, 2004 fiscal year
Details of Standard Unit Costs,
Standard Object Costs and Actual Object Costs:
Standard unit costs were calculated based on fundamental data for the Heisei 16 [2004] fiscal year (平成16年度, heisei rokugo nendo). Standard object costs were calculated by multiplying standard unit costs by the appropriate operating statistic for fiscal year 2004.
In addition, with reference to “standard unit cost” items: Among the various business expenses of rail transport enterprises, the five expenditure items above - Railway Track Expense, Electric Circuit Expense, Rolling Stock Expense, Train Operation Expense and Station Operation Expense - are known as “yardstick object expenses.” These basic “standard unit cost” items are not related to transport service quality, nor are they related to the overall business activities (i.e. subsidiary ventures together with rail transport operations) of these enterprises.
The average ratio of “yardstick object expenses” to total “rail transport business” operating expense for the six JR companies was 44 percent.
A2.1) Fundamental Data (基礎データ, kiso <data>)
Railway Track Expense
|
Electric Circuit Expense
|
Rolling Stock Expense
|
Train Operation Expense
|
Station Operation Expense
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
|
JR-Hokkaidō
|
3.890
|
10,621
|
52.889
|
21.525
|
128.747
|
10,621
|
120.705
|
2.689
|
262.197
|
4.029
|
JR-East
|
5.158
|
2,497
|
152.071
|
31.143
|
167.234
|
2,497
|
486.140
|
3.532
|
3,450.441
|
3.187
|
JR-Central
|
5.696
|
439
|
276.834
|
25.127
|
296.934
|
439
|
523.490
|
3.889
|
1,229.825
|
5.175
|
JR-West
|
5.035
|
887
|
128.146
|
32.668
|
188.784
|
887
|
264.841
|
3.683
|
1,470.521
|
3.779
|
JR-Shikoku
|
4.263
|
4
|
77.810
|
23.163
|
141.181
|
4
|
73.990
|
3.184
|
191.721
|
3.831
|
JR-Kyūshū
|
4.643
|
7
|
89.593
|
27.829
|
159.903
|
7
|
123.142
|
3.439
|
530.684
|
3.728
|
A2.2) Standard Unit Costs (基準単価, kijun tanka)
Calculated using formulas and “Fundamental Data” above.
JPY, 000s
|
(単位:千円, tan-i: sen en)
|
Railway Track Expense
|
Electric Circuit Expense
|
Rolling Stock Expense
|
Train Operation Expense
|
Station Operation Expense
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JR-Hokkaidō
|
3,998
|
639
|
10,014
|
7,117
|
40,558
|
JR-East
|
12,242
|
1,600
|
8,817
|
17,933
|
132,156
|
JR-Central
|
16,452
|
2,238
|
15,923
|
20,108
|
151,297
|
JR-West
|
10,212
|
1,489
|
9,439
|
13,997
|
79,363
|
JR-Shikoku
|
2,202
|
856
|
6,110
|
8,116
|
25,715
|
JR-Kyūshū
|
5,923
|
1,081
|
7,268
|
10,131
|
34,656
|
A2.3) Operating Statistics used to derive Standard Object Costs
(施設量, shisetsu-ryō, “facility quantities”)
Track Length,
km
|
Electric Circuit Length,
km
|
Rolling Stock Fleet Size
|
System Length,
km
|
Stations
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JR-Hokkaidō
|
3,106.2
|
5,304.1
|
1,180
|
2,499.8
|
472
|
JR-East
|
12,698.5
|
45,043.5
|
13,197
|
7,526.8
|
1,699
|
JR-Central
|
3,326.8
|
13,730.4
|
3,334
|
1,974.4
|
406
|
JR-West
|
8,065.2
|
27,737.0
|
6,567
|
4,990.6
|
1,216
|
JR-Shikoku
|
898.4
|
1,754.5
|
452
|
855.2
|
258
|
JR-Kyūshū
|
2,663.2
|
9,566.8
|
1,730
|
2,121.8
|
554
|
A2.4) Standard Object Cost total amounts and Actual Object Cost total amounts
(基準コスト合計額及び実績コスト合計額,
(kijun <cost> gōkeigaku oyobi jisseki <cost> gōkeigaku)
“Standard Object Cost total amounts” were calculated by multiplying “Standard Unit Costs” in Table A2.2 (Railway Track Expense, Electric Circuit Expense, Rolling Stock Expense, Train Operation Expense and Station Operation Expense) by the appropriate operating statistic in Table A2.3 (Operating Statistics used to derive Standard Object Costs). Total amounts were then calculated for each company. “Actual Object Cost” total amounts are those reported by each company.
JPY, 000 000s
|
(単位: 百万円, tan-i: hyakuman en)
|
Standard Object Cost total amount
|
Actual Object Cost total amount
|
Percentage Difference
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
JR-Hokkaidō
|
64,559
|
59,867
|
7.3
|
JR-East
|
703,394
|
744,742
|
-5.9
|
JR-Central
|
239,676
|
230,077
|
4.0
|
JR-West
|
352,007
|
363,877
|
-3.4
|
JR-Shikoku
|
19,817
|
19,410
|
2.0
|
JR-Kyūshū
|
79,385
|
70,736
|
11.3
|
Note: In the table above, a positive “Percentage Difference” arises because of overestimation, and a negative “Percentage Difference” from underestimation, of “Actual Object Cost.“ For example: the estimated “Standard Object Cost total amount” for JR-Hokkaidō is 7.3 percent greater than the “Actual Object Cost total amount” reported by the company. In contrast, the estimated “Standard Object Cost total amount” for JR-East is 5.9 percent less than the “Actual Object Cost total amount” reported by the company.
B. Large (“established”) Private-Sector Railway Companies:
The Japanese term 大手民鉄 (ōte-mintetsu) refers specifically to the 15 largest private-sector railway companies.
The 15 companies (arranged by geographic location, from northeast to southwest):
Tōbu
|
東武鉄道株式会社
|
Tōbu Railway Co., Ltd.
|
tōbu tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Seibu
|
西武鉄道株式会社
|
Seibu Railway Co., Ltd.
|
seibu tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Keisei
|
京成電鉄株式会社
|
Keisei Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
|
keisei dentetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Keiō
|
京王電鉄株式会社
|
Keiō Corporation
|
keiō dentetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
(Keiō Electric Railway Co., Ltd.)
|
|
Odakyū
|
小田急電鉄株式会社
|
Odakyū Electric Railway
|
odakyū dentetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
(Odakyu Electric Railway Co., Ltd.)
|
|
Tōkyū
|
東京急行電鉄株式会社
|
Tōkyū Corporation
|
tōkyū kyūkō dentetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
(Tōkyō Express Electric Railway Co., Ltd.)
|
|
Keikyū
|
京浜急行電鉄株式会社
|
Keihin Electric Express R’y Co., Ltd.
|
keihin kyūkō dentetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Sōtetsu
|
相模鉄道株式会社
|
Sagami Railway Co., Ltd.
|
sagami tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Meitetsu
|
名古屋鉄道鉄道株式会社
|
Nagoya Railroad Co., Ltd.
|
nagoya tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Kintetsu
|
近畿日本鉄道株式会社
|
Kintetsu Corporation
|
kinki nippon tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
(Kinki Nippon Railway Co., Ltd.)
|
|
Nankai
|
南海電気鉄道株式会社
|
Nankai Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
|
nankai denki tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Keihan
|
京阪電気鉄道株式会社
|
Keihan Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
|
keihan denki tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Hankyū
|
阪急電鉄株式会社
|
Hankyū Corporation
|
hankyū dentetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
(Hankyū Electric Railway Co., Ltd.)
|
|
Hanshin
|
阪神電気鉄道株式会社
|
Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
|
hanshin denki tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Nishitetsu
|
西日本鉄道株式会社
|
Nishi-Nippon Railroad Co., Ltd.
|
nishi nippon tetsudō kabushiki kaisha
|
||
B1. Standard Unit Cost Formulas:
From 2005 August 1, after the large (“established”) private-sector railways petitioned for tariff (fare) reforms, standard unit costs were computed using the following formulas.
y=ax1+bx2+(cx3)+d
See “Input Data (variable quantity) Notes,” below.
(1) Railway Track Expense (線路費, senro-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of track.
(線路延長1キロ当たり基準単価, rosen enchō ichi <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 143.864
|
b = 15,261.484
|
d = -79,908.789
|
x2 = Rolling Stock Density (logarithm)
(車両密度(対数), sharyō mitsudo (taisū)).
(“Railway Track Expense:” Maintenance and repair of track and roadbed, and associated management expense.)
(2) Electric Circuit Expense (電路費, denro-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of electric “wire.”
(電線延長1キロ当たり基準単価, densen enchō ichi <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 31.451
|
b = 1,344.118
|
c = 873.463
|
d = -8,830.199
x1 = Tunnel Ratio (トンネル比率, <tunnel> hiritsu).
x2 = Electric Car Density (電車密度, densha mitsudo).
x3 = “Electric Car Line Ratio” (電車線割合, denshasen wariai).
(“Electric Circuit Expense,” which might also be translated as “Electrification Systems Expense:” Maintenance and repair of electrical systems such as electric traction and signal equipment, and associated management expense.)
(3) Rolling Stock Expense (車両費, sharyō-hi).
y = Standard unit cost, per vehicle
(車両1両当たり基準単価, sharyō ichiryō atari kijun tanka).
a = 6,089.652
|
b = -436.375
|
d = -44,609.598
|
(1両当たり輸送人キロ(対数), ichiryō atari yusō jin-<kiro> (taisū)).
x2 = Cars Per Formation (編成両数, hensei-ryōsū).
(“Rolling Stock Expense:” Maintenance and repair of rolling stock, and associated management expense.)
(4) Train Operation Expense (列車運転費, ressha unten-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of system length (i.e. per km of route)
(営業キロ当たり基準単価, eigyō <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 20.480
|
b = 3,951.764
|
d = -5,981.240
|
(1列車1キロ当たり乗車人員, ichi ressha ichi <kiro> atari jōsha jin-in).
x2 = Train Density (logarithm) (列車密度 (対数), ressha mitsudo (taisū)).
(“Train Operation Expense:” Train operation and associated management expense, exclusive of traction power expense.)
(5) Station Operation Expense (駅務費, ekimu-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per station
(1駅当たり基準単価, ichi-eki atari kijun tanka).
a = 4,007.591
|
b = 19.595
|
d = 30,557.882
|
(エレベータ・エスカレータ設置比率,
<escalator>・<elevator> setchi hiritsu).
x2 = Average Passengers Per Station
(1駅当たり乗車人員, ichi-eki atari jōsha jin-in).
(“Station Operation [‘Station Duty’] Expense:” Station maintenance expense, and expense associated with sale of tickets, etc.)
B2. Large (“established”) Private-Sector Railways, 2004 fiscal year
Details of Standard Unit Costs,
Standard Object Costs and Actual Object Costs:
Standard unit costs were calculated based on fundamental data for the Heisei 16 [2004] fiscal year (平成16年度, heisei rokugo nendo). Standard object costs were calculated by multiplying standard unit costs by the appropriate operating statistic for fiscal year 2004.
In addition, with reference to “standard unit cost” items: Among the various business expenses of rail transport enterprises, the five expenditure items above - Railway Track Expense, Electric Circuit Expense, Rolling Stock Expense, Train Operation Expense and Station Operation Expense - are known as “yardstick object expenses.” These basic “standard unit cost” items are not related to transport service quality, nor are they related to the overall business activities (i.e. subsidiary ventures together with rail transport operations) of these enterprises.
The average ratio of “yardstick object expenses” to total “rail transport business” operating expense for the 15 companies was 55 percent.
B2.1) Fundamental Data (基礎データ, kiso <data>)
Railway Track Expense
|
Electric Circuit Expense
|
Rolling Stock Expense
|
Train Operation Expense
|
Station Operation Expense
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
x3
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x2
|
|
Tōbu
|
13.544
|
5.744
|
0.127
|
5.381
|
3.253
|
8.795
|
7.031
|
336.843
|
4.397
|
1.594
|
4,230.089
|
Seibu
|
13.142
|
6.236
|
3.945
|
5.640
|
2.955
|
8.828
|
8.179
|
428.499
|
4.757
|
2.857
|
6,622.527
|
Keisei
|
22.539
|
5.975
|
5.573
|
5.707
|
3.048
|
8.813
|
6.785
|
290.424
|
4.770
|
1.875
|
3,870.969
|
Keiō
|
35.088
|
6.364
|
10.379
|
5.647
|
3.132
|
9.051
|
7.876
|
528.100
|
5.079
|
2.435
|
8,679.261
|
Odakyū
|
23.126
|
6.303
|
2.399
|
5.787
|
3.100
|
9.198
|
7.991
|
552.245
|
5.064
|
3.729
|
9,578.014
|
Tōkyū
|
37.211
|
6.364
|
15.585
|
5.775
|
2.940
|
9.054
|
7.288
|
573.823
|
5.105
|
2.347
|
10,048.153
|
Keikyū
|
33.420
|
6.347
|
12.961
|
6.023
|
2.972
|
9.013
|
7.058
|
424.699
|
5.126
|
2.014
|
5,894.194
|
Sōtetsu
|
26.647
|
6.419
|
13.016
|
5.658
|
3.383
|
8.732
|
9.640
|
530.929
|
4.917
|
3.280
|
8,997.240
|
Meitetsu
|
16.962
|
5.438
|
2.234
|
5.304
|
3.374
|
8.614
|
4.581
|
151.388
|
4.454
|
0.462
|
1,045.126
|
Kintetsu
|
17.062
|
5.666
|
5.905
|
5.481
|
2.803
|
8.723
|
5.008
|
199.862
|
4.661
|
1.349
|
1,909.306
|
Nankai
|
25.389
|
5.710
|
4.369
|
5.532
|
2.736
|
8.601
|
5.675
|
225.602
|
4.621
|
1.443
|
2,043.713
|
Keihan
|
33.494
|
6.081
|
8.620
|
5.949
|
2.687
|
8.649
|
6.485
|
297.619
|
5.093
|
2.554
|
3,563.422
|
Hankyū
|
30.703
|
6.336
|
3.222
|
6.132
|
2.546
|
8.795
|
7.584
|
398.506
|
5.039
|
4.165
|
7,120.471
|
Hanshin
|
69.907
|
6.015
|
12.849
|
5.753
|
2.810
|
8.572
|
5.095
|
245.581
|
5.126
|
3.024
|
3,885.415
|
Nishitetsu
|
11.299
|
5.412
|
0.000
|
5.323
|
2.984
|
8.492
|
4.474
|
179.954
|
4.404
|
1.182
|
1,351.636
|
B2.2) Standard Unit Costs (基準単価, kijun tanka)
Calculated using formulas and “Fundamental Data” above.
JPY, 000s
|
(単位:千円, tan-i: sen en)
|
Railway Track Expense
|
Electric Circuit Expense
|
Rolling Stock Expense
|
Train Operation Expense
|
Station Operation Expense
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tōbu
|
9,702
|
1,248
|
5,881
|
39,653
|
119,835
|
Seibu
|
17,152
|
1,456
|
5,581
|
73,842
|
171,776
|
Keisei
|
14,521
|
1,678
|
6,098
|
59,445
|
113,924
|
Keiō
|
22,263
|
1,822
|
7,071
|
106,370
|
210,386
|
Odakyū
|
19,611
|
1,731
|
7,916
|
108,037
|
233,183
|
Tōkyū
|
22,569
|
1,990
|
7,346
|
113,162
|
236,857
|
Keikyū
|
21,764
|
2,269
|
7,197
|
98,078
|
154,126
|
Sōtetsu
|
21,888
|
2,139
|
4,359
|
95,857
|
220,004
|
Meitetsu
|
5,523
|
1,316
|
5,848
|
22,959
|
52,889
|
Kintetsu
|
9,017
|
1,171
|
6,325
|
42,150
|
73,377
|
Nankai
|
10,887
|
1,133
|
5,291
|
42,322
|
76,387
|
Keihan
|
17,715
|
1,784
|
5,230
|
81,824
|
110,619
|
Hankyū
|
21,205
|
1,737
|
5,639
|
89,369
|
186,775
|
Hanshin
|
21,946
|
1,761
|
5,368
|
78,276
|
118,812
|
Nishitetsu
|
4,312
|
931
|
5,151
|
22,776
|
61,780
|
B2.3) Operating Statistics used to derive Standard Object Costs
(施設量, shisetsu-ryō, “facility quantities”)
Track Length,
km
|
Electric Circuit Length,
km
|
Rolling Stock Fleet Size
|
System Length,
km
|
Stations
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tōbu
|
846.7
|
4,706.2
|
1,918
|
463.3
|
202
|
Seibu
|
323.9
|
3,059.6
|
1,270
|
173.8
|
91
|
Keisei
|
208.2
|
1,292.1
|
522
|
102.4
|
64
|
Keiō
|
184.6
|
1,649.8
|
843
|
84.7
|
69
|
Odakyū
|
278.8
|
2,104.6
|
1,066
|
120.5
|
70
|
Tōkyū
|
207.2
|
1,975.2
|
1,107
|
100.1
|
98
|
Keikyū
|
181.1
|
1,282.0
|
758
|
87.0
|
72
|
Sōtetsu
|
77.1
|
560.2
|
420
|
35.9
|
25
|
Meitetsu
|
819.5
|
3,208.4
|
1,130
|
478.2
|
318
|
Kintetsu
|
1,045.9
|
7,623.8
|
1,962
|
570.4
|
324
|
Nankai
|
321.5
|
2,490.4
|
710
|
168.3
|
115
|
Keihan
|
211.7
|
1,645.3
|
745
|
87.7
|
83
|
Hankyū
|
291.7
|
2,804.1
|
1,311
|
140.8
|
85
|
Hanshin
|
84.0
|
656.9
|
314
|
40.1
|
41
|
Nishitetsu
|
189.2
|
1,047.0
|
350
|
115.9
|
77
|
B2.4) Standard Object Cost total amounts and Actual Object Cost total amounts
(基準コスト合計額及び実績コスト合計額,
(kijun <cost> gōkeigaku oyobi jisseki <cost> gōkeigaku)
“Standard Object Cost total amounts” were calculated by multiplying “Standard Unit Costs” in Table A2.2 (Railway Track Expense, Electric Circuit Expense, Rolling Stock Expense, Train Operation Expense and Station Operation Expense) by the appropriate operating statistic in Table A2.3 (Operating Statistics used to derive Standard Object Costs). Total amounts were then calculated for each company. “Actual Object Cost” total amounts are those reported by each company.
JPY, 000 000s
|
(単位: 百万円, tan-i: hyakuman en)
|
Standard Object Cost total amount
|
Actual Object Cost total amount
|
Percentage Difference
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
Tōbu
|
67,946
|
70,298
|
-3.5
|
Seibu
|
45,564
|
44,641
|
2.0
|
Keisei
|
21,753
|
22,944
|
-5.5
|
Keiō
|
36,603
|
39,228
|
-7.2
|
Odakyū
|
46,890
|
45,278
|
3.4
|
Tōkyū
|
51,278
|
48,045
|
6.3
|
Keikyū
|
31,936
|
34,690
|
-8.6
|
Sōtetsu
|
13,658
|
14,224
|
-4.1
|
Meitetsu
|
43,154
|
40,184
|
6.9
|
Kintetsu
|
78,585
|
73,241
|
6.8
|
Nankai
|
25,986
|
27,924
|
-7.5
|
Keihan
|
26,939
|
26,612
|
1.2
|
Hankyū
|
46,908
|
43,364
|
7.6
|
Hanshin
|
12,696
|
12,192
|
4.0
|
Nishitetsu
|
10,990
|
10,754
|
2.1
|
C. Metro (subway) Systems:
Japan’s ten metro operators include Tōkyō Metro, the (quasi-)private-sector successor to the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (“Eidan”), and nine municipal operators. These are:
Tōkyō Metro
|
東京地下鉄株式会社
|
Tōkyō Metro Co., Ltd.
|
tōkyō chikatetsu kabushiki kaisha
|
||
Sapporo
|
札幌市交通局
|
Sapporo City Transportation Bureau
|
sapporo-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Sendai
|
仙台市交通局
|
Sendai City Transportation Bureau
|
sendai-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Tōkyō - Toei
|
東京都交通局
|
Bureau of Transportation,
Tōkyō Metropolitan Government
|
tōkyō-to kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Yokohama
|
横浜市交通局
|
Transportation Bureau,
City of Yokohama
|
yokohama-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Nagoya
|
名古屋市交通局
|
Transportation Bureau, City of Nagoya
|
nagoya-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Kyōto
|
京都市交通局
|
Kyōto Municipal
Transportation Bureau
|
kyōto-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Ōsaka
|
大阪市交通局
|
Ōsaka Municipal
Transportation Bureau
|
ōsaka-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Kōbe
|
神戸市交通局
|
Kōbe Municipal Transportation Bureau
|
kōbe-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
Fukuoka
|
福岡市交通局
|
Fukuoka City Transportation Bureau
|
fukuoka-shi kōtsū-kyoku
|
||
C1. Standard Unit Cost Formulas:
From 2005 August 1, after the metro systems petitioned for tariff (fare) reforms, standard unit costs were computed using the following formulas.
y=ax1+(bx2)+c
See “Input Data (variable quantity) Notes,” below.
(1) Railway Track Expense (線路費, senro-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of track.
(線路延長1キロ当たり基準単価, rosen enchō ichi <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 18,229.651
|
c = -79,041.523
|
(車両密度(対数), sharyō mitsudo (taisū)).
(“Railway Track Expense:” Maintenance and repair of track and roadbed, and associated management expense.)
(2) Electric Circuit Expense (電路費, denro-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of electric “wire.”
(電線延長1キロ当たり基準単価, densen enchō ichi <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = 7.295
|
b = 86.134
|
c = -449.093
|
x2 = “Electric Car Line Ratio” (電車線割合, denshasen wariai).
(“Electric Circuit Expense,” which might also be translated as “Electrification Systems Expense:” Maintenance and repair of electrical systems such as electric traction and signal equipment, and associated management expense.)
(3) Rolling Stock Expense (車両費, sharyō-hi).
y = Standard unit cost, per vehicle
(車両1両当たり基準単価, sharyō ichiryō atari kijun tanka).
a = 7.217
|
c = -2,168.121
|
(1両当たり輸送人員, ichiryō atari yusō jin-in).
(“Rolling Stock Expense:” Maintenance and repair of rolling stock, and associated management expense.)
(4) Train Operation Expense (列車運転費, ressha unten-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per km of system length (i.e. per km of route)
(営業キロ当たり基準単価, eigyō <kiro> atari kijun tanka).
a = -215.596
|
b = 200,489.009
|
c = -876,618.280
|
(ワンマン運転営業キロ割合, <one man> unten eigyō <kiro> wariai).
x2 = Train Density (logarithm) (列車密度 (対数), ressha mitsudo (taisū)).
(“Train Operation Expense:” Train operation and associated management expense, exclusive of traction power expense.)
(5) Station Operation Expense (駅務費, ekimu-hi).
y = Standard unit cost (JPY 000s), per station
(1駅当たり基準単価, ichi-eki atari kijun tanka).
a = 165,950.995
|
c = -1,219,820.332
|
(1駅当たり乗車人員 (対数), ichi-eki atari jōsha jin-in (taisū)).
(“Station Operation [‘Station Duty’] Expense:” Station maintenance expense, and expense associated with sale of tickets, etc.)
C2. Metro (subway) Systems, 2004 fiscal year
Details of Standard Unit Costs,
Standard Object Costs and Actual Object Costs:
Standard unit costs were calculated based on fundamental data for the Heisei 16 [2004] fiscal year (平成16年度, heisei rokugo nendo). Standard object costs were calculated by multiplying standard unit costs by the appropriate operating statistic for fiscal year 2004.
In addition, with reference to “standard unit cost” items: Among the various business expenses of rail transport enterprises, the five expenditure items above - Railway Track Expense, Electric Circuit Expense, Rolling Stock Expense, Train Operation Expense and Station Operation Expense - are known as “yardstick object expenses.” These basic “standard unit cost” items are not related to transport service quality, nor are they related to the overall business activities (i.e. subsidiary ventures together with rail transport operations) of these enterprises.
The average ratio of “yardstick object expenses” to total “rail transport business” operating expense for the ten metro systems was 52 percent.
A2.1) Fundamental Data (基礎データ, kiso <data>)
Railway Track Expense
|
Electric Circuit Expense
|
Rolling Stock Expense
|
Train Operation Expense
|
Station Operation Expense
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
x1
|
x2
|
x1
|
|
Tōkyō Metro
|
6.469
|
466.886
|
19.344
|
825.367
|
12.773
|
5.128
|
9.422
|
Sapporo
|
5.899
|
300.842
|
16.899
|
516.199
|
0.000
|
4.803
|
8.336
|
Sendai
|
5.458
|
163.957
|
23.923
|
651.369
|
100.000
|
4.761
|
8.077
|
Tōkyō-Toei
|
6.207
|
365.197
|
18.616
|
677.839
|
61.651
|
4.924
|
8.853
|
Yokohama
|
5.774
|
289.117
|
14.763
|
719.066
|
0.000
|
4.683
|
8.542
|
Nagoya
|
5.942
|
306.632
|
24.185
|
531.065
|
18.213
|
4.891
|
8.349
|
Kyōto
|
5.758
|
249.831
|
20.657
|
540.162
|
49.632
|
4.715
|
8.272
|
Ōsaka
|
6.117
|
373.480
|
14.742
|
693.682
|
12.976
|
4.925
|
8.923
|
Kōbe
|
5.734
|
218.337
|
15.566
|
503.423
|
25.817
|
4.708
|
8.301
|
Fukuoka
|
5.778
|
141.673
|
28.938
|
676.981
|
100.000
|
4.807
|
8.426
|
C2.2) Standard Unit Costs (基準単価, kijun tanka)
Calculated using formulas and “Fundamental Data” above.
JPY, 000s
|
(単位:千円, tan-i: sen en)
|
Railway Track Expense
|
Electric Circuit Expense
|
Rolling Stock Expense
|
Train Operation Expense
|
Station Operation Expense
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tōkyō Metro
|
38,886
|
4,623
|
8,125
|
148,736
|
343,770
|
Sapporo
|
28,495
|
3,201
|
5,894
|
86,330
|
163,547
|
Sendai
|
20,456
|
2,808
|
6,869
|
56,350
|
120,566
|
Tōkyō-Toei
|
34,110
|
3,818
|
7,060
|
97,298
|
249,344
|
Yokohama
|
26,216
|
2,932
|
7,358
|
62,272
|
197,733
|
Nagoya
|
29,279
|
3,871
|
6,001
|
100,047
|
165,705
|
Kyōto
|
25,925
|
3,153
|
6,066
|
57,987
|
152,926
|
Ōsaka
|
32,469
|
3,545
|
7,174
|
107,993
|
260,960
|
Kōbe
|
25,487
|
2,484
|
5,801
|
61,718
|
157,739
|
Fukuoka
|
26,289
|
3,077
|
7,054
|
65,573
|
178,483
|
C2.3) Operating Statistics used to derive Standard Object Costs
(施設量, shisetsu-ryō, “facility quantities”)
Track Length,
km
|
Electric Circuit Length,
|
|---|